The in is described as symbolizing 'Man rising above death, reaching upward to God and toward Peace.' Immortality is eternal, being exempt from death, unending existence. Certain scientists, and philosophers have theorized about the immortality of the human body, with some suggesting that human immortality may be achievable in the first few decades of the 21st century. Other advocates believe that is a more achievable goal in the short term, with immortality awaiting further research breakthroughs. The absence of aging would provide humans with biological immortality, but not invulnerability to death by disease or; although could solve that issue if it proved possible.
Whether the process of internal endoimmortality is delivered within the upcoming years depends chiefly on research (and in neuron research in the case of endoimmortality through an immortalized cell line) in the former view and perhaps is an awaited goal in the latter case. In contexts, immortality is often stated to be one of the promises of (or other deities) to human beings who show goodness or else follow. What form an unending human life would take, or whether an immaterial exists and possesses immortality, has been a major point of focus of, as well as the subject of speculation, fantasy, and debate. Main article: technologies promise a path to complete. Holds out the hope that the dead can be revived in the future, following sufficient medical advancements.
While, as shown with creatures such as and, it is indeed possible for a creature to be, it is not known if it is possible for humans. Is the transference of brain states from a human brain to an alternative medium providing similar functionality.
Assuming the process to be possible and repeatable, this would provide immortality to the computation of the original brain, as predicted by such as. Religious.
Main article: There are three main causes of death:, and. Such issues can be resolved with the solutions provided in research to any end providing such alternate theories at present that require unification. Aging , a leading researcher in the field, defines as 'a collection of cumulative changes to the and structure of an adult, which result in essential processes, but which also, once they progress far enough, increasingly disrupt metabolism, resulting in and death.' The current causes of aging in humans are cell loss (without replacement), and, cell, mutations, aggregates, extracellular aggregates, random extracellular cross-linking, decline, and changes.
Eliminating aging would require finding a solution to each of these causes, a program de Grey calls. There is also a huge body of knowledge indicating that change is characterized by the loss of molecular fidelity. Disease Disease is theoretically surmountable via. In short, it is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism, something the body shouldn't typically have to deal with its natural make up. Human understanding of is leading to cures and treatments for a myriad of previously incurable diseases.
The mechanisms by which other diseases do their damage are becoming better understood. Sophisticated methods of detecting diseases early are being developed.
Is becoming better understood. Neurodegenerative diseases like and may soon be curable with the use of. Breakthroughs in and research are leading to treatments for.
Are being researched for and. Genes associated with and certain types of cancer have been discovered, allowing for new therapies to be developed. Artificial devices attached directly to the may restore sight to the blind. Drugs are being developed to treat a myriad of other diseases and ailments. Trauma would remain as a threat to perpetual physical life, as an otherwise immortal person would still be subject to unforeseen accidents or catastrophes.
The speed and quality of remains a determining factor in surviving severe trauma. A body that could automatically repair itself from severe trauma, such as speculated uses for, would mitigate this factor. Being the seat of, the cannot be risked to trauma if a continuous physical life is to be maintained.
This aversion to trauma risk to the brain would naturally result in significant behavioral changes that would render physical immortality undesirable for some people. Environmental change Organisms otherwise unaffected by these causes of death would still face the problem of obtaining sustenance (whether from currently available agricultural processes or from hypothetical future technological processes) in the face of changing availability of suitable resources as environmental conditions change. After avoiding aging, disease, and trauma, you could still starve to death. If there is no limitation on the degree of gradual mitigation of risk then it is possible that the of death over an infinite horizon is less than, even when the risk of fatal trauma is greater than zero.
Mathematically, this is an aspect of achieving ' Biological immortality. Main article: Biological immortality is an absence of aging, specifically the absence of a sustained increase in as a function of chronological age. A cell or organism that does not experience aging, or ceases to age at some point, is biologically immortal. Have chosen the word immortal to designate cells that are not limited by the, where cells no longer divide because of or shortened. The first and still most widely used immortal cell line is, developed from cells taken from the malignant cervical tumor of without her consent in 1951. Prior to the 1961 work of, there was the erroneous belief fostered by that all normal cells are immortal. By preventing cells from reaching senescence one can achieve biological immortality; telomeres, a 'cap' at the end of DNA, are thought to be the cause of cell aging.
Every time a cell divides the telomere becomes a bit shorter; when it is finally worn down, the cell is unable to split and dies. Is an enzyme which rebuilds the telomeres in stem cells and cancer cells, allowing them to replicate an infinite number of times.
No definitive work has yet demonstrated that telomerase can be used in human somatic cells to prevent healthy tissues from aging. On the other hand, scientists hope to be able to grow organs with the help of stem cells, allowing organ transplants without the risk of rejection, another step in extending human life expectancy. These technologies are the subject of ongoing research, and are not yet realized. Biologically immortal species. See also: Life defined as biologically immortal is still susceptible to causes of death besides aging, including disease and trauma, as defined above.
Notable immortal species include:. – Bacteria reproduce through. A parent bacterium splits itself into two identical daughter cells which eventually then split themselves in half.
This process repeats, thus making the bacterium essentially immortal. A 2005 paper suggests that after each division the daughter cells can be identified as the older and the younger, and the older is slightly smaller, weaker, and more likely to die than the younger., a jellyfish (phylum, class, order ), after becoming a sexually mature adult, can transform itself back into a using the cell conversion process of. Turritopsis dohrnii repeats this cycle, meaning that it may have an. Its immortal adaptation has allowed it to spread from its original habitat in the Caribbean to 'all over the world'.
is a belonging to the phylum, the class and the order. They are simple fresh-water animals possessing. are speculated to be potentially immortal; the oldest known living specimen is over 5,000 years old. Evolution of aging. Main article: As the existence of biologically immortal species demonstrates, there is no necessity for senescence: a defining feature of life is that it takes in from the environment and unloads its as waste.
Living systems can even build themselves up from seed, and routinely repair themselves. Aging is therefore presumed to be a byproduct of, but why mortality should be selected for remains a subject of research and debate. Programmed cell death and the telomere 'end replication problem' are found even in the earliest and simplest of organisms.
This may be a tradeoff between selecting for cancer and selecting for aging. Modern theories on the evolution of aging include the following:. Mutation accumulation is a theory formulated by in 1952 to explain how evolution would select for aging. Essentially, aging is never selected against, as organisms have offspring before the mortal mutations surface in an individual. is a theory proposed as an alternative by, a critic of Medawar, in 1957. In antagonistic pleiotropy, genes carry effects that are both beneficial and detrimental.
In essence this refers to genes that offer benefits early in life, but exact a cost later on, i.e. Decline and death. The disposable soma theory was proposed in 1977 by, which states that an individual body must allocate energy for metabolism, reproduction, and maintenance, and must compromise when there is food scarcity. Compromise in allocating energy to the repair function is what causes the body gradually to deteriorate with age, according to Kirkwood. Prospects for human biological immortality Life-extending substances There are some known naturally occurring and artificially produced chemicals that may increase the lifetime or life-expectancy of a person or organism, such as. Some believe that boosting the amount or proportion of in the body, a naturally forming enzyme that helps maintain the protective caps at the ends of, could prevent cells from dying and so may ultimately lead to extended, healthier lifespans. A team of researchers at the Spanish National Cancer Centre tested the hypothesis on mice.
It was found that those mice which were to produce 10 times the normal levels of telomerase lived 50% longer than normal mice. In normal circumstances, without the presence of telomerase, if a cell divides repeatedly, at some point all the progeny will reach their. With the presence of telomerase, each dividing cell can replace the lost bit of, and any single cell can then divide unbounded. While this unbounded growth property has excited many researchers, caution is warranted in exploiting this property, as exactly this same unbounded growth is a crucial step in enabling cancerous growth. If an organism can replicate its body cells faster, then it would theoretically stop aging. Express telomerase, which allows them to divide repeatedly and form the individual. In adults, telomerase is highly expressed in cells that need to divide regularly (e.g., in the immune system), whereas most cells express it only at very low levels in a cell-cycle dependent manner.
Technological immortality, biological machines, and 'swallowing the doctor'. Main article: Technological immortality is the prospect for much longer life spans made possible by scientific advances in a variety of fields: nanotechnology, emergency room procedures, genetics, and others. Contemporary life spans in the advanced industrial societies are already markedly longer than those of the past because of better nutrition, availability of health care, standard of living and bio-medical scientific advances. Technological immortality predicts further progress for the same reasons over the near term. An important aspect of current scientific thinking about immortality is that some combination of, cryonics or nanotechnology will play an essential role in extreme life extension., a nanorobotics theorist, suggests tiny medical could be created to go through human bloodstreams, find dangerous things like cancer cells and bacteria, and destroy them.
Freitas anticipates that gene-therapies and nanotechnology will eventually make the human body effectively self-sustainable and capable of living indefinitely in empty space, short of severe brain trauma. This supports the theory that we will be able to continually create biological or synthetic replacement parts to replace damaged or dying ones. Future advances in could give rise to through the repair of many processes thought to be responsible for aging., one of the founders of, postulated cell repair devices, including ones operating within cells and utilizing as yet hypothetical, in his 1986 book., a and, stated in his book that he believes that advanced medical could completely remedy the effects of aging by 2030.
According to, it was his former graduate student and collaborator who originally suggested to him (circa 1959) the idea of a medical use for Feynman's theoretical micromachines (see ). Hibbs suggested that certain repair machines might one day be reduced in size to the point that it would, in theory, be possible to (as Feynman put it) '. The idea was incorporated into Feynman's 1959 essay. Cryonics. Main article:, the practice of preserving organisms (either intact specimens or only their brains) for possible future revival by storing them at cryogenic temperatures where metabolism and decay are almost completely stopped, can be used to 'pause' for those who believe that life extension technologies will not develop sufficiently within their lifetime. Ideally, cryonics would allow clinically dead people to be brought back in the future after cures to the patients' diseases have been discovered and. Modern cryonics procedures use a process called which creates a glass-like state rather than as the body is brought to low temperatures.
This process reduces the risk of ice crystals damaging the cell-structure, which would be especially detrimental to cell structures in the brain, as their minute adjustment evokes the individual's mind. Mind-to-computer uploading. Main article: One idea that has been advanced involves an individual's habits and memories via. The individual's memory may be loaded to a computer or to a new organic body.
Like Moravec and Kurzweil have proposed that, thanks to computing power, it will someday be possible to onto a computer system, and exist indefinitely in a virtual environment. This could be accomplished via advanced cybernetics, where computer hardware would initially be installed in the brain to help sort memory or accelerate thought processes.
Components would be added gradually until the person's entire brain functions were handled by artificial devices, avoiding sharp transitions that would lead to issues of, thus running the risk of the person to be declared dead and thus not be a legitimate owner of his or her property. After this point, the human body could be treated as an optional accessory and the program implementing the person could be transferred to any sufficiently powerful computer. Another possible mechanism for mind upload is to perform a detailed scan of an individual's original, organic brain and simulate the entire structure in a computer. What level of detail such scans and simulations would need to achieve to emulate awareness, and whether the scanning process would destroy the brain, is still to be determined. Whatever the route to mind upload, persons in this state could then be considered essentially immortal, short of loss or traumatic destruction of the machines that maintained them.
Cybernetics. Main article: Transforming a human into a can include or extracting a human processing unit and placing it in a robotic life-support system. Even replacing biological organs with robotic ones could increase life span (e.g. Pace makers) and depending on the definition, many technological upgrades to the body, like genetic modifications or the addition of nanobots would qualify an individual as a cyborg. Some people believe that such modifications would make one impervious to aging and disease and theoretically immortal unless killed or destroyed. Evolutionary immortality.
The Alchymist, In Search of the Philosopher's Stone, 1771 Another approach, developed by biogerontologist, holds that human biological immortality is an inevitable consequence of. As the natural tendency is to create progressively more complex structures, there will be a time (Kyriazis claims this time is now ), when evolution of a more complex human brain will be faster via a process of developmental singularity rather than through Darwinian evolution. In other words, the evolution of the human brain as we know it will cease and there will be no need for individuals to procreate and then die. Instead, a new type of development will take over, in the same individual who will have to live for many centuries in order for the development to take place.
This intellectual development will be facilitated by technology such as, and a process. Religious views. Main articles: and As late as 1952, the editorial staff of the found in their compilation of the, that 'The philosophical issue concerning immortality cannot be separated from issues concerning the existence and nature of man's soul.' Thus, the vast majority of speculation regarding immortality before the 21st century was regarding the nature of the. Ancient Greek religion Immortality in originally always included an eternal union of body and soul as can be seen in, and various other ancient texts.
Used fender squier jazz bass. The soul was considered to have an eternal existence in Hades, but without the body the soul was considered dead. Although almost everybody had nothing to look forward to but an eternal existence as a disembodied dead soul, a number of men and women were considered to have gained physical immortality and been brought to live forever in either, the, heaven, the ocean or literally right under the ground. Among these were, and a great part of those who fought in the Trojan and Theban wars. Some were considered to have died and been resurrected before they achieved physical immortality. Was killed by Zeus only to be resurrected and transformed into a major deity.
In some versions of the Trojan War myth, after being killed, was snatched from his funeral pyre by his divine mother Thetis, resurrected, and brought to an immortal existence in either, the Elysian plains, or the Islands of the Blessed., who was killed by Achilles, seems to have received a similar fate., and were also among the figures sometimes considered to have been resurrected to physical immortality. According to, the 7th century BC sage was first found dead, after which his body disappeared from a locked room. Later he was found not only to have been resurrected but to have gained immortality.
The philosophical idea of an was a belief first appearing with either or the, and most importantly advocated by and his followers. This, however, never became the general norm in Hellenistic thought. As may be witnessed even into the Christian era, not least by the complaints of various philosophers over popular beliefs, many or perhaps most traditional Greeks maintained the conviction that certain individuals were resurrected from the dead and made physically immortal and that others could only look forward to an existence as disembodied and dead, though everlasting, souls. The parallel between these traditional beliefs and the later resurrection of was not lost on the early Christians, as argued: 'when we say. Jesus Christ, our teacher, was crucified and died, and rose again, and ascended into heaven, we propose nothing different from what you believe regarding those whom you consider sons of Zeus.'
Buddhism The goal of is and. By contrast, the goal of is. According to one teaching, individuals can transform the physical body into an immortal body of light called the. Christianity. Adam and Eve condemned to mortality., Danse Macabre, 16th century holds that lost physical immortality for themselves and all their descendants in the, although this initial 'imperishability of the bodily frame of man' was 'a preternatural condition'. Christians who profess the believe that every dead person (whether they believed in Christ or not) will be at the, and this belief is known as. , a theologian and former, has said many people forget the physical aspect of what Jesus promised.
He told Time: 'Jesus' resurrection marks the beginning of a restoration that he will complete upon. Part of this will be the, who will 'awake', be embodied and participate in the renewal. Wright says, a physicist and a priest, has put it this way: 'God will download our software onto his hardware until the time he gives us new hardware to run the software again for ourselves.' That gets to two things nicely: that the period after death (the ) is a period when we are in God's presence but not active in our own bodies, and also that the more important transformation will be when we are again embodied and administering.' This kingdom will consist of, he said. Hinduism. Representation of a soul undergoing punarjanma.
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Illustration from Hinduism Today, 2004 believe in an immortal soul which is after death. According to Hinduism, people repeat a process of life, death, and rebirth in a cycle called. If they live their life well, their improves and their station in the next life will be higher, and conversely lower if they live their life poorly. After many life times of perfecting its karma, the soul is freed from the cycle and lives in perpetual bliss.
There is no place of eternal torment in Hinduism, although if a soul consistently lives very evil lives, it could work its way down to the very bottom of the cycle. There are explicit renderings in the alluding to a physically immortal state brought about by purification, and sublimation of the 5 elements that make up the body. For example, in the Shvetashvatara Upanishad (Chapter 2, Verse 12), it is stated 'When earth, water fire, air and akasa arise, that is to say, when the five attributes of the elements, mentioned in the books on yoga, become manifest then the yogi's body becomes purified by the fire of yoga and he is free from illness, old age and death.' This phenomenon is possible when the soul reaches enlightenment while the body and mind are still intact, an extreme rarity, and can only be achieved upon the highest most dedication, meditation and consciousness. Another view of immortality is traced to the Vedic tradition by the interpretation of: That man indeed whom these (contacts) do not disturb, who is even-minded in pleasure and pain, steadfast, he is fit for immortality, O best of men. To Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the verse means, 'Once a man has become established in the understanding of the permanent reality of life, his mind rises above the influence of pleasure and pain. Such an unshakable man passes beyond the influence of death and in the permanent phase of life: he attains eternal life.
A man established in the understanding of the unlimited abundance of absolute existence is naturally free from existence of the relative order. This is what gives him the status of immortal life.' An Indian Tamil saint known as claimed to have achieved immortality before disappearing forever from a locked room in 1874. Many Indian fables and tales include instances of —the ability to jump into another body—performed by advanced in order to live a longer life. Judaism. See also:, and It is repeatedly stated in that death is unavoidable. Noted that many scholarly works frame Taoism as a school of thought focused on the quest for immortality.
Isabelle Robinet asserts that Taoism is better understood as a way of life than as a religion, and that its adherents do not approach or view Taoism the way non-Taoist historians have done. In the Tractate of Actions and their Retributions, a traditional teaching, spiritual immortality can be rewarded to people who do a certain amount of good deeds and live a simple, pure life. A list of good deeds and sins are tallied to determine whether or not a mortal is worthy. Spiritual immortality in this definition allows the soul to leave the earthly realms of afterlife and go to pure realms in the Taoist cosmology. Zoroastrianism believe that on the fourth day after death, the human soul leaves the body and the body remains as an empty shell. Souls would go to either heaven or hell; these concepts of the afterlife in Zoroastrianism may have influenced Abrahamic religions.
The Persian word for 'immortal' is associated with the month 'Amurdad', meaning 'deathless' in Persian, in the (near the end of July). The month of Amurdad or is celebrated in Persian culture as ancient Persians believed the 'Angel of Immortality' won over the 'Angel of Death' in this month. Philosophical Arguments for the Immortality of the Soul Alcmaeon of Croton argued that the soul is continuously and ceaselessly in motion. The exact form of his argument is unclear, but it appears to have influenced Plato, Aristotle, and other later writers. Plato 's advances four arguments for the soul's immortality: The Cyclical Argument, or Opposites Argument explains that Forms are eternal and unchanging, and as the soul always brings life, then it must not die, and is necessarily 'imperishable'. As the body is mortal and is subject to physical death, the soul must be its indestructible opposite. Plato then suggests the analogy of fire and cold.
If the form of cold is imperishable, and fire, its opposite, was within close proximity, it would have to withdraw intact as does the soul during death. This could be likened to the idea of the opposite charges of magnets. The Theory of Recollection explains that we possess some non-empirical knowledge (e.g. The Form of Equality) at birth, implying the soul existed before birth to carry that knowledge.
Another account of the theory is found in Plato's Meno, although in that case Socrates implies anamnesis (previous knowledge of everything) whereas he is not so bold in Phaedo. The Affinity Argument, explains that invisible, immortal, and incorporeal things are different from visible, mortal, and corporeal things. Our soul is of the former, while our body is of the latter, so when our bodies die and decay, our soul will continue to live. The Argument from Form of Life, or The Final Argument explains that the Forms, incorporeal and static entities, are the cause of all things in the world, and all things participate in Forms. For example, beautiful things participate in the Form of Beauty; the number four participates in the Form of the Even, etc. The soul, by its very nature, participates in the Form of Life, which means the soul can never die. Plotinus offers a version of the argument that Kant calls 'The Achilles of Rationalist Psychology'.
Plotinus first argues that the soul is, then notes that a simple being cannot decompose. Many subsequent philosophers have argued both that the soul is simple and that it must be immortal. The tradition arguably culminates with 's.
Metochites argues that part of the soul's nature is to move itself, but that a given movement will cease only if what causes the movement is separated from the thing moved – an impossibility if they are one and the same. Avicenna Avicenna argued for the distinctness of the soul and the body, and the incorruptibility of the former. Aquinas The full argument for the immortality of the soul and ' elaboration of Aristotelian theory is found in Question 75 of the First Part of the. Descartes endorses the claim that the soul is simple, and also that this entails that it cannot decompose. Descartes does not address the possibility that the soul might suddenly disappear. Leibniz In early work, Leibniz endorses a version of the argument from the simplicity of the soul to its immortality, but like his predecessors, he does not address the possibility that the soul might suddenly disappear. In his he advances a sophisticated novel argument for the immortality of monads.
Moses Mendelssohn 's is a defense of the simplicity and immortality of the soul. It is a series of three dialogues, revisiting the Platonic dialogue, in which argues for the immortality of the soul, in preparation for his own death. Many philosophers, including Plotinus, Descartes, and Leibniz, argue that the soul is simple, and that because simples cannot decompose they must be immortal. In the Phaedon, Mendelssohn addresses gaps in earlier versions of this argument (an argument that Kant calls the Achilles of Rationalist Psychology).
The Phaedon contains an original argument for the simplicity of the soul, and also an original argument that simples cannot suddenly disappear. It contains further original arguments that the soul must retain its rational capacities as long as it exists. Ethics of immortality. See also The possibility of clinical immortality raises a host of medical, philosophical, and religious issues and ethical questions. These include, the nature of personality over time, technology to mimic or copy the mind or its processes, disparities created by, and survival of the. The, one of the first literary works, is primarily a quest of a hero seeking to become immortal.
Undesirability of immortality Physical immortality has also been imagined as a form of eternal torment, as in 's short story 'The Mortal Immortal', the protagonist of which witnesses everyone he cares about dying around him. Explored the idea that life gets its meaning from death in the short story '; an entire society having achieved immortality, they found time becoming infinite, and so found no motivation for any action. In his book 'Thursday's Fictions', and the stage and film adaptations of it, tells the story of a woman named Thursday who tries to cheat the cycle of reincarnation to get a form of eternal life. At the end of this fantastical tale, her son, Wednesday, who has witnessed the havoc his mother's quest has caused, forgoes the opportunity for immortality when it is offered to him. Likewise, the novel depicts immortality as 'falling off the wheel of life' and is viewed as a curse as opposed to a blessing. In the anime humanity achieves immortality due to advances in medical technology, however the inability of the human race to die causes Luna, a Messianic figure, to come forth and offer normal lifespans because she had believed that without death, humans could not live. Ultimately, Casshern takes up the cause of death for humanity when Luna begins to restore humanity's immortality.
In 's book series ', vampires are portrayed as immortal and ageless, but their inability to cope with the changes in the world around them means that few vampires live for much more than a century, and those who do often view their changeless form as a curse. Politics Although some scientists state that radical life extension, delaying and stopping aging are achievable, there are no international or national programs focused on stopping aging or on radical life extension. In 2012 in Russia, and then in the United States, Israel and the Netherlands, pro-immortality political parties were launched. They aimed to provide political support to anti-aging and radical life extension research and technologies and at the same time transition to the next step, radical life extension, life without aging, and finally, immortality and aim to make possible access to such technologies to most currently living people. The ankh There are numerous symbols representing immortality.
The is an symbol of life that holds connotations of immortality when depicted in the hands of the and, who were seen as having control over the journey of life. The in the shape of a is another symbol of immortality. Most symbolic representations of infinity or the life cycle are often used to represent immortality depending on the context they are placed in. Other examples include the, the Chinese fungus of longevity, the ten, the, the in Christianity, and the colors (in ) and (in ). Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to: has the text of the 1920 article.: Meet The Only Immortal Species on Planet Earth. Aubrey de Grey's non-profit organization dedicated to finding a cure for aging.
Ray Kurzweil resource site. Chris Smelick's Biogerontology site. Chris Smelick's non-profit organization. Marios Kyriazis' theory of human biological immortality. Scientific and sociological discussions, activism, research Religious and spiritual prospects for immortality.
Dictionary of the History of Ideas, etext at the University of Virginia Library. Immortality – What Will Eternal Life Be Like?. Lecture by Heinrich J. Vogel. by James Challis. J.P. Meyer, The Northwestern Lutheran, August 22, 1954, Vol.
41, # 17 to April 14, 1957, Vol. 44, #8.
Jack Graham, PowerPoint Ministries, Christianity.com. Got Questions Ministries. Taoist essay, personaltao.com.
Ancient Scientific Yoga – The First Atom's Final Attempt. A review by Dr. Peter Fenwick of the book Human Immortality by Mohammad Samir Hossain In literature. Mary Shelley's.
: skeleton holding banderolle 'Vigilate quia nescitis diem.' , anon., possibly Dutch or German. Made c.1600 Death is the cessation of all that sustain a living. Include, and or trauma resulting in terminal. In most cases, bodies of living organisms begin to shortly after death. Death – particularly the death of – has commonly been considered a or unpleasant occasion, due to the for the being that has died and the termination of social and familial with the deceased. Other concerns include,.
Many cultures and religions have the idea of an, and also hold the idea of or and. Contents. Etymology The word death comes from dēaþ, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic.
dauþuz (reconstructed by etymological analysis). This comes from the Proto-Indo-European stem. dheu- meaning the 'process, act, condition of dying'.
Associated terms The concept and symptoms of death, and varying degrees of delicacy used in discussion in public forums, have generated numerous scientific, legal, and socially acceptable terms or euphemisms for death. When a person has died, it is also said they have passed away, passed on, expired, or are gone, among numerous other socially accepted, religiously specific, slang, and irreverent terms. Bereft of life, the dead person is then a corpse, a body, a set of remains, and when all flesh has rotted away, a. The terms and carcass can also be used, though these more often connote the remains of non-human animals. As a polite reference to a dead person, it has become common practice to use the form of 'decease', as in the deceased; another noun form is decedent. The ashes left after a are sometimes referred to by the cremains, a of 'cremation' and 'remains'.
A dead refers to a scenario when a living being is able to survive all calamities, but eventually dies due to causes relating to old age. Animal and plant cells normally reproduce and function during the whole period of natural existence, but the aging process derives from deterioration of cellular activity and ruination of regular functioning. Aptitude of cells for gradual deterioration and mortality means that cells are naturally sentenced to stable and long-term loss of living capacities, even despite continuing metabolic reactions and viability. In the United Kingdom, for example, nine out of ten of all the deaths that occur on a daily basis relates to senescence, while around the world it accounts for two-thirds of 150,000 deaths that take place daily (Hayflick & Moody, 2003).
Almost all who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from, known in life sciences as 'senescence'. Some organisms experience, even exhibiting. These include the jellyfish, the, and the. Unnatural causes of death include and. From all causes, roughly 150,000 people die around the world each day. Of these, two thirds die directly or indirectly due to senescence, but in industrialized countries—such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany—the rate approaches 90%, i.e., nearly nine out of ten of all deaths are related to senescence. Death is now seen as a process, more than an event: conditions once considered indicative of death are now reversible.
Where in the process a dividing line is drawn between life and death depends on factors beyond the presence or absence of. In general, is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of. A patient with working and determined to be can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring.
As and advance, formulating a precise medical definition of death becomes more difficult. 12,234-17,141 Signs Signs of death or strong indications that a is no longer alive are:. (no ). (no )., paleness which happens in the 15–120 minutes after death., a settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) portion of the body., the reduction in body temperature following death. This is generally a steady decline until matching ambient temperature., the limbs of the corpse become stiff (Latin rigor) and difficult to move or manipulate., the reduction into simpler forms of matter, accompanied by a strong, unpleasant odor. Problems of definition. French – 16th-/17th-century ivory pendant, Monk and Death, recalling mortality and the certainty of death The concept of death is a key to human understanding of the phenomenon.
There are many scientific approaches to the concept. For example, brain death, as practiced in medical science, defines death as a point in time at which brain activity ceases.
One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from. As a point in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends. Determining when death has occurred is difficult, as cessation of life functions is often not simultaneous across organ systems. Such determination therefore requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death. This is difficult, due to there being little consensus on how to define life.
This general problem applies to the particular challenge of defining death in the context of medicine. It is possible to define life in terms of consciousness. When consciousness ceases, a living organism can be said to have died.
One of the flaws in this approach is that there are many organisms which are alive but probably not conscious (for example, single-celled organisms). Another problem is in defining consciousness, which has many different definitions given by modern scientists, psychologists and philosophers. Additionally, many religious traditions, including and traditions, hold that death does not (or may not) entail the end of consciousness. In certain cultures, death is more of a process than a single event.
It implies a slow shift from one spiritual state to another. Other definitions for death focus on the character of cessation of something.
In this context 'death' describes merely the state where something has ceased, for example, life. Thus, the definition of 'life' simultaneously defines death. Historically, attempts to define the exact moment of a human's death have been subjective, or imprecise. Death was once defined as the cessation of and of, but the development of and prompt defibrillation have rendered that definition inadequate because breathing and heartbeat can sometimes be restarted. Events which were linked to death in the past no longer kill in all circumstances; without a functioning heart or lungs, life can sometimes be sustained with a combination of devices, and.
Today, where a definition of the moment of death is required, doctors and coroners usually turn to 'brain death' or 'biological death' to define a person as being dead; people are considered dead when the electrical activity in their brain ceases. It is presumed that an end of electrical activity indicates the end of. Suspension of consciousness must be permanent, and not transient, as occurs during certain stages, and especially a. In the case of sleep, can easily tell the difference. The category of 'brain death' is seen as problematic by some scholars. For instance, Dr. Franklin Miller, senior faculty member at the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, notes: 'By the late 1990s.
The equation of brain death with death of the human being was increasingly challenged by scholars, based on evidence regarding the array of biological functioning displayed by patients correctly diagnosed as having this condition who were maintained on mechanical ventilation for substantial periods of time. These patients maintained the ability to sustain circulation and respiration, control temperature, excrete wastes, heal wounds, fight infections and, most dramatically, to gestate fetuses (in the case of pregnant 'brain-dead' women).' Those people maintaining that only the of the brain is necessary for consciousness sometimes argue that only electrical activity should be considered when defining death. Eventually it is possible that the criterion for death will be the permanent and irreversible loss of function, as evidenced by the death of the. All hope of recovering human thought and is then gone given current and foreseeable medical technology.
At present, in most places the more conservative definition of death – irreversible cessation of electrical activity in the whole brain, as opposed to just in the neo-cortex – has been adopted (for example the in the United States). In 2005, the brought the question of brain death and artificial sustenance to the front of. Even by whole-brain criteria, the determination of brain death can be complicated. EEGs can detect spurious electrical impulses, while certain, or can suppress or even stop brain activity on a temporary basis. Because of this, hospitals have protocols for determining brain death involving EEGs at widely separated intervals under defined conditions. 's painting of a man buried alive There are many anecdotal references to people being declared dead by physicians and then 'coming back to life', sometimes days later in their own coffin, or when procedures are about to begin.
From the mid-18th century onwards, there was an upsurge in the public's fear of being mistakenly buried alive, and much debate about the uncertainty of the signs of death. Various suggestions were made to test for signs of life before, ranging from pouring vinegar and pepper into the corpse's mouth to applying red hot pokers to the feet or into the. Writing in 1895, the physician J.C. Ouseley claimed that as many as 2,700 people were buried prematurely each year in and, although others estimated the figure to be closer to 800. In cases of, (CPR) for an hour or longer can allow stunned to recover, allowing an apparently dead person to survive.
People found unconscious under icy water may survive if their faces are kept continuously cold until they arrive at an. This 'diving response', in which and oxygen requirements are minimal, is something humans share with called the. As medical technologies advance, ideas about when death occurs may have to be re-evaluated in light of the ability to restore a person to vitality after longer periods of apparent death (as happened when CPR and defibrillation showed that cessation of heartbeat is inadequate as a decisive indicator of death). The lack of electrical brain activity may not be enough to consider someone scientifically dead. Therefore, the concept of information-theoretic death has been suggested as a better means of defining when true death occurs, though the concept has few practical applications outside the field of. There have been some scientific attempts to bring dead organisms back to life, but with limited success.
In where such technology is readily available, real death is distinguished from reversible death. See also: and The leading cause of human death in is. The leading causes in are ( and ), and other diseases related to and. By an extremely wide margin, the largest unifying cause of death in the developed world is biological aging, leading to various complications known as. These conditions cause loss of, leading to, causing loss of and nutrient supply, causing irreversible deterioration of the and other.
Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds die of age-related causes. In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, approaching 90%. With improved medical capability, dying has become. Home deaths, once commonplace, are now rare in the developed world. Americans smoking in 1910. Caused an estimated 100 million deaths in the 20th century. In, inferior sanitary conditions and lack of access to modern makes death from more common than in.
One such disease is, a bacterial disease which killed 1.8M people in 2015. Causes about 400–900M cases of fever and 1–3M deaths annually. Death toll in may reach 90–100M by 2025.
According to ( Special Reporter on the Right to Food, 2000—Mar 2008), mortality due to accounted for 58% of the total mortality rate in 2006. Ziegler says worldwide approximately 62M people died from all causes and of those deaths more than 36M died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in. Smoking killed 100 million people worldwide in the 20th century and could kill 1 billion people around the world in the 21st century, a report warned.
Many leading developed world causes of death can be postponed by and, but the accelerating incidence of disease with age still imposes limits on human. The is, at best, only just beginning to be understood. It has been suggested that direct intervention in the aging process may now be the most effective intervention against major causes of death. Proposed a unified non-specific approach to many causes of death. He demonstrated that decreases adaptability of an organism and proposed to describe the adaptability as a special resource, adaptation energy.
The animal dies when this resource is exhausted. Selye assumed that the adaptability is a finite supply, presented at birth. Later on, Goldstone proposed the concept of a production or income of adaptation energy which may be stored (up to a limit), as a capital reserve of adaptation. In recent works, adaptation energy is considered as an internal coordinate on the 'dominant path' in the model of adaptation. It is demonstrated that oscillations of well-being appear when the reserve of adaptability is almost exhausted.
In 2012, overtook car crashes for leading causes of human injury deaths in the U.S., followed by poisoning, falls and murder. Causes of death are different in different parts of the world. In high-income and middle income countries nearly half up to more than two thirds of all people live beyond the age of 70 and predominantly die of chronic diseases.
In low-income countries, where less than one in five of all people reach the age of 70, and more than a third of all deaths are among children under 15, people predominantly die of infectious diseases. Autopsy An, also known as a postmortem examination or an obduction, is a that consists of a thorough of a human to determine the cause and manner of a person's death and to evaluate any or that may be present.
It is usually performed by a specialized called a. An autopsy is portrayed in, by Autopsies are either performed for legal or medical purposes. A forensic autopsy is carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter, while a clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death, or for research purposes. Autopsies can be further classified into cases where external examination suffices, and those where the body is dissected and an internal examination is conducted. Permission from may be required for internal autopsy in some cases. Once an internal autopsy is complete the body is generally reconstituted by sewing it back together.
Autopsy is important in a medical environment and may shed light on mistakes and help improve practices. A 'necropsy' is an older term for a postmortem examination, unregulated, and not always a medical procedure. In modern times the term is more often used in the postmortem examination of the corpses of animals. Main article: (from Greek κρύος 'kryos-' meaning 'icy cold') is the of animals and humans who cannot be sustained by contemporary medicine, with the hope that healing and may be possible in the future. Of people or large animals is not reversible with current technology. The stated rationale for cryonics is that people who are considered dead by current legal or medical definitions may not necessarily be dead according to the more stringent information-theoretic definition of death. It is proposed that cryopreserved people might someday be recovered by using highly advanced technology.
Some scientific literature supports the feasibility of cryonics. Many other scientists regard cryonics with skepticism. By 2015, more than 300 people have undergone procedures since cryonics was first proposed in 1962. Life extension. Main article: Life extension refers to an increase in or, especially in humans, by slowing down or reversing the.
Average lifespan is determined by vulnerability to and age or lifestyle-related afflictions such as,. Extension of average lifespan can be achieved by good, and avoidance of hazards such as. Maximum lifespan is also determined by the rate of for a species inherent in its. Currently, the only widely recognized method of extending maximum lifespan is. Theoretically, extension of maximum lifespan can be achieved by reducing the rate of aging damage, by, or by or of deteriorated cells and tissues.
A United States poll found that religious people and irreligious people, as well as men and women and people of different economic classes have similar rates of support for life extension, while Africans and Hispanics have higher rates of support than white people. 38 percent of the polled said they would desire to have their aging process cured.
Researchers of life extension are a subclass of biogerontologists known as 'biomedical '. They try to understand the nature of aging and they develop treatments to reverse aging processes or to at least slow them down, for the improvement of health and the maintenance of youthful vigor at every stage of life. Those who take advantage of life extension findings and seek to apply them upon themselves are called 'life extensionists' or 'longevists'. The primary life extension strategy currently is to apply available anti-aging methods in the hope of living long enough to benefit from a complete cure to aging once it is developed. Reperfusion 'One of medicine's new frontiers: treating the dead', recognizes that cells that have been without oxygen for more than five minutes die, not from lack of oxygen, but rather when their oxygen supply is resumed. Therefore, practitioners of this approach, e.g., at the Resuscitation Science institute at the, 'aim to reduce oxygen uptake, slow metabolism and adjust the blood chemistry for gradual and safe.'
Location Before about 1930, most people in Western countries died in their own homes, surrounded by family, and comforted by clergy, neighbors, and doctors making. By the mid-20th century, half of all Americans died in a hospital. By the start of the 21st century, only about 20 to 25% of people in developed countries died outside a medical institution. The shift away from dying at home, towards dying in a professionalized medical environment, has been termed the 'Invisible Death'. The 'Invisible Death' process was extremely slow and infinitesimal. It took many years to shift to this new location where dying was commonly taking place outside the home.
Society and culture. Dead bodies can be either naturally, as this one, or by intention, as.
In society, the nature of death and humanity's has for millennia been a concern of the world's and of. This includes belief in or an (associated with ), or rebirth (associated with ), or that consciousness permanently ceases to exist, known as (associated with ).
Commemoration ceremonies after death may include various, practices and ceremonies of honouring the deceased. The physical remains of a person, commonly known as a corpse or body, are usually whole or, though among the world's cultures there are a variety of other methods of. In the English language, blessings directed towards a dead person include, or its RIP. Death is the center of many traditions and organizations; customs relating to death are a feature of every culture around the world. Much of this revolves around the care of the dead, as well as the and the disposal of bodies upon the onset of death. The does, in general, begin with the before significant time has passed, and ritualistic ceremonies often occur, most commonly interment.
This is not a unified practice; in, for instance, the body is given a and left on a mountain top. Proper preparation for death and techniques and ceremonies for producing the ability to transfer one's spiritual attainments into another body are subjects of detailed study in Tibet.
Or is also prevalent in some cultures, to retard the rate of. Legal aspects of death are also part of many cultures, particularly the settlement of the deceased and the issues of and in some countries,. Main article: Much interest and debate surround the question of what happens to one's consciousness as one's body dies. The belief in the permanent loss of consciousness after death is often called.
Belief that the is preserved after physical death is described by the term. In biology After death the remains of an organism become part of the.
Animals may be by a or a. May then be further decomposed by, organisms which recycle, returning it to the environment for reuse in the, where these chemicals may eventually end up being consumed and assimilated into the cells of a living organism.
Examples of detritivores include, and. Also play a vital role, raising the temperature of the decomposing matter as they break it down into yet simpler molecules. Not all materials need to be decomposed fully., a formed over vast tracts of time in ecosystems, is one example. Natural selection. Main articles:, and Contemporary sees death as an important part of the process of. It is considered that organisms less to their environment are more likely to die having produced fewer offspring, thereby reducing their contribution to the. Their genes are thus eventually bred out of a population, leading at worst to and, more positively, making the process possible, referred to as.
Frequency of plays an equally important role in determining species survival: an organism that dies young but leaves numerous offspring displays, according to criteria, much greater than a long-lived organism leaving only one. A, the bird that became a in the English language for the extinction of a species Extinction is the cessation of existence of a species or group of, reducing. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of that species (although the may have been lost before this point).
Because a species' potential may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as, where species presumed extinct abruptly 'reappear' (typically in the record) after a period of apparent absence. New species arise through the process of, an aspect of.
New varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an – and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition. Evolution of aging and mortality.
Main article: Inquiry into the evolution of aging aims to explain why so many living things and the vast majority of animals weaken and die with age (exceptions include and the already cited jellyfish, which research shows to be ). The evolutionary origin of remains one of the fundamental puzzles of biology. Specializes in the science of human aging processes. Organisms showing only (e.g., some, like the and many ) and organisms with ( or not, like the algae and ) are 'immortal' at some extent, dying only due to external hazards, like being eaten or meeting with a fatal accident.
In organisms (and also in ), with a, that is, with a division of labor between mortal and 'immortal', death becomes an essential part of life, at least for the somatic line. The algae are among the simplest organisms to exhibit that division of labor between two completely different cell types, and as a consequence include death of somatic line as a regular, genetically regulated part of its. Bondeson, Jan (2001). Buried Alive: the Terrifying History of our Most Primal Fear. Norton & Company. Mullin, Glenn H. (2008) 1998.
Living in the Face of Death: The Tibetan Tradition. Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion Publications. Further reading. Best, Ben. Retrieved 10 June 2016. Marques, Susana Moreira & Sanches, Julia (Translator) (13 October 2015). Now and At the Hour of Our Death.
And Other Stories. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter.
Pim Van Lommel
Rosenberg, David Rosenberg (17 August 2014). Sachs, Jessica Snyder (2001). Corpse: Nature, Forensics, and the Struggle to Pinpoint Time of Death (270 pages). Perseus Publishing. Schels, Walter (Photographer) & Lakotta, Beate (Interviewer). Archived from on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list Interviews with people dying in hospices, and portraits of them before, and shortly after, death. United States.
The Art Of Dying Peter Fenwick Pdf To Jpg Free
Census & AntiqueBooks.net (Scanned by). Archived from on 18 September 2004. Retrieved 19 September 2016. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter How the medical profession categorized causes of death. Wald, George.
The Art Of Dying Peter Fenwick Pdf To Jpg Online
A biologist explains life and death in different kinds of organisms, in relation to evolution. External links.
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